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Peace psychology
Peace Psychology is a subfield of Psychology and Peace Research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars: (1) research, (2) education, (3) practice, and (4) advocacy.〔See http://www.peacepsych.org/peace-resources.htm〕 The first pillar, research, is documented most extensively in this Wiki entry.
Peace psychological activities are based on psychological models (theories) and methods; they are usually normatively bound in their means and objectives by working towards the ideal of sustainable peace using (as far as possible) non-violent means. Violence and peace are usually defined in terms of Johan Galtung's extended conceptualization of peace,〔Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. ''Journal of Peace Research, 6'' (3), 167-191.〕〔Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. ''Journal of Peace Research, 27'' (3), 291-305.〕 according to which peace is not merely the absence of personal (direct) violence and war (= negative peace), but also the absence of structural (indirect) and cultural violence (= positive peace).〔Christie, D. J., Wagner, R. V., & Winter, D. D. (2001). Introduction to peace psychology. In D. J. Christie, R. V. Wagner, & D. D. Winter (Eds.), ''Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century'' (pp. 1-13). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.〕 The ideal of peace can also be conceptualized as the comprehensive implementation of human rights (civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights); this should, among other purposes, ensure the satisfaction of basic human needs, such as positive personal and social identity, sense of control, security, (social) justice, well-being, a safe environment, and access to adequate food and shelter.〔Tropp, L. R. (2012). Understanding and responding to intergroup conflict: Toward an integrated analysis. In L. R. Tropp (Ed.), ''The Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict'' (pp. 3-10). Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕
Organizations that focus on peace psychology include, for example, in the United States the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence (Peace Psychology Division (48 ) of the American Psychological Association) and Psychologists for Social Responsibility, a nongovernmental organization based in Washington, DC.〔See http://www.psysr.org/〕 Germany has the Forum Friedenspsychologie,〔See http://www.friedenspsychologie.de/〕 and the Australian Psychological Society has an Interest Group called Psychologists for Peace. On the international level, there is the Committee for the Psychological Study of Peace as well as the International Network of Psychologists for Social Responsibility, which links organizations from (among other countries) Germany, Finland, the United States, Australia, Costa Rica, India, and Italy.〔See http://www.inspsysr.org/〕
== Peace psychological research ==
Peace psychological research can be analytically (research ''on'' peace) or normatively (research ''for'' peace) oriented. Regardless of its analytical or normative orientation, peace psychological research mainly deals with the ''psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts'' (including war), the ''psychosocial conditions conducive or detrimental to a sustainable peace'', and the ''psychosocial effects of war and violence''. In each case, different levels of analysis and explanation are relevant: from the level of individuals to groups, social organizations and institutions, states and state systems (e.g., the European Union), military alliances (e.g., NATO), and collective security systems (e.g., the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ()).
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